WHAT IS DORA
ANSWER
When we say DORA (Discover,
Offer, Request, Acknowledgement), we remember DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration
Protocol). Why? Because when Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is
installed into a network, it works on the basis of DORA to dynamically assign
Internet Protocol (IP) addresses to hosts. So, for a DHCP server to
automatically or dynamically assign IP address to any host, it must work on the
basis of DORA. The processes in DORA are:
v
DISCOVER:In a network where DHCP server is configured,
there are also hosts (client PC’s) on that same network. DHCP server sends a
“Hello” message into the network in order to “DISCOVER” the client PC’s. The
client PC at this point have only MAC address and no IP address assigned to it.
v
OFFER:When client(s) PC is discovered on the network, DHCP
server “OFFERS” the configuration (IP) to the client(s).
v
REQUEST: Here, the client PC now selects the best lease/IP
address and then “REQUESTS” from the server that the selected IP address should
be assigned to it, and the server provides the IP to the client.
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:Now, full communication between DHCP
server and client is established. Both send each other “ACKNOWLEDGEMENT”.
What is forward zone?
ANSWER
Forward
zone or forward lookup zone is a set of records for a specific domain that you
control. It is a prominent type of DNS zone that enable you to configure PC’s
to see each other on the network. For instance, In a Local Area Network (LAN)
named “iiht.com”, PC’s can be set to find their selves and update their records
if that Local Area Network is configured as a forward lookup zone.
Forward
zone is used to resolve Domain Name Service (DNS) request for a client on the
network. That is, names are being resolved to IP address. It uses an internet
domain to find IP address. For example, when you enter the address of a website
in your web browser, the address you entered is transmitted to a nearby router.
The router does a forward lookup in the routing table to locate the IP address
of the website. So in this case, we say that the web name has been resolved to
IP address and that is the work of forward zone.
QUESTION
What is DNS?
ANSWER
DNS (Domain Name
Server/Service) is a well- known and widely used system which is used to map
Fully Qualified Domain Name (FQDN) to Internet Protocol (IP) addresses. It is
one of the most important internet infrastructures. With the absence of DNS, it
won’t be an easy task for others to find you on the internet or for you to find
resources. This is because DNS is like a phonebook that translates Fully
Qualified Domain Name, e.g.www.delightsochy.com
to IP address such as 192.168.7.1. This process is called “Name Resolution”.
The beauty of DNS is that it makes it easy for people to memorize their favorite
sites since most persons are not good at memorizing numbers (IP).
DNS
does more than Name-to address mapping. It also ensures availability on the
internet. The servers that implement DNS are found all over the world to make
sure there is no hindrance to your steady existence online. DNS is anti- spam
and anti- phishing. It also ensures privacy by revealing to the public only
what you want them to see about you network and allowing internal users to
access whatever necessary.
4 What is reservation? What is the max (imum)
and min (imum) lease period in server?
ANSWER
Reservation or DHCP reservation
is a feature in DHCP server that allow the network administrators to reserve IP
address(es) for a particular mission- critical computer only. That is, this
feature allows the exclusion of IP addresses for mission- critical computers.
For a network administrator to configure a DHCP reservation, he must know the
physical address (MAC address) of the computer to which the reserved IP is to
be assigned. This will enable him to map the IP address with the MAC address
after which the appropriate IP must have been chosen. Any IP address reserved
for any mission- critical computer is saved in the address pool. The reserved
IP address is not reassigned to any other client. The mission- critical
computer bears the reserved IP. So, once it boots and makes a request from a
DHCP server, the same IP address is reassigned to it automatically.
The min(imum ) lease period
in a server is “eight (8) days” and
is set by default and could be changed. While the max(imum) lease
period/duration is “999 days, 23 hours
& 59 minutes”, (approximately 1000 days)
What are the local policies? What is
password and account policy?
ANSWER
The local policies are:
AUDIT POLICY: This is a security policy in windows server that
allows you monitor how users modify and create objects. In the event log, audit
policy creates evidence of events, it gives a way to track security problems
and ensures accountability. Events created by audit policy are saved in the
event viewer. Under this, you can:
Audit account logon events:
This enables you to see user’s login and off, to and from another computer.
Audit account management:
Enables you to see when a user changed password & user group. It also
enables you to see when they changed account name, created or deleted account,
enable or disable account.
Audit direct service access:
To see when someone accesses active directory.
Audit logon events: To
see the logon or off of a user.
Audit object access: To
see each time a user used a server, file, folder etc.
Audit policy change: To
see any attempt made to change any local policy.
Audit privilege use: To
see any user right performed.
Audit process tracking:
To see any event that occurs.
Audit system events: To
see when a user shuts down or restarted any computer.
v
USER RIGHTS ASSIGNMENT: These are computer level actions
that the administrator can assign to a user or group. They give a user the
privilege/right to perform tasks in a computer or domain. Access to a domain or
computer is classified as “privilege” while login in to a computer and when to
log in is “right”.
v
SECURITY OPTIONS: It performs security settings
configuration for guest and user account names, drive installation actions,
access to floppy disk and CD drive etc.
What is password and account policy?
Password policy and account policy is
domain levelpolicy/guide on how strong passwords should becreated/managed so as
to help prevent unauthorized users to find their way into the network/computer. Normally, it is a set for
all users on domain level. A secure network environment requires all users to
use at least eight characters which include a combination of numbers, letters, special
characters and regular changing of passwords. Password policy allows you to
decrease and increase the security levels of your passwords, define how long
the password is going to last and the complexity requirements.
2 What is web server? How to deploy web
server
ANSWER
A
web server is a type of server that knows how to communicate with clients using
HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), a protocol that makes the communication
between a client and a server possible. It is designed to do one thing only. It
is a server that the World Wide Web (WWW) uses make millions of users all over
the world to access the Web. The main purpose of a web server is to provide
document to clients. Web servers wait for users to connect to the web and when
the connection and request are made by the user through the help of HTTP, the web
server responds with documents and images. Web server delivers internet web pages, and
that can be in two ways- across the network (internet) and inside your
company’s website (intranet). When you request a web page, the internet
infrastructure sends a request to web server and the web server will find the
information from its hard drive and then deliver it through the internet
infrastructure back to your web browser to display the information.
The hardware capacity of web
servers differ them from normal computers. They have a very big hard drive for
data huge size data storage, a big cooling fan for cooling and also a high RAM.
How to deploy web server?
To deploy a web server, “web
deployment tool” is necessary. It is a management tool that simplifies the
management, migration and deployment of a web server. To install “Web deploy”, at
least windows server 2008 should be installed. The PowerShellscripting language
must be installed and the IIS 7.0 must be enabled. The following are the steps involved in
deploying web server:
Step 1. Install the Microsoft web platform installer: Use the URLhttp://www.microsoft.com/web/downloads/platform.aspx.to download and install web
platform.
Step 2.Configure application pool: For a
better performance, it is wise that the subscription made be configured to use
its own application pool.
QUESTION
What is sites and services?
ANSWER
Site and services (in active
directory) is a Microsoft Management Console (MMC) that enables the
administrator to view site- specific objects published in Active Directory
Domain Services (AD DS). In Active Directory Domain services (AD DS) and Active
Directory Lightweight Domain Services (AD LDS), there is normally a replication
of directory data among different sites. That is, the content of a site and all
the objects are being replicated to all domain controllers in a forest. Active
Directory Sites and Services administer the replication of these data. It is simply
used to manage site specific objects in Active Directory.
Site is a collection of well- connected computers based on Internet
Protocol subnets. In windows server 2000, a service called Knowledge
Consistency Checker (KCC); runs in Domain Controller ensure that services are
well replicated by automatically establishing connection between individual
clients in the same site. These are known as Active Directory objects. At any
point in time when there is a failure on the site, KKC plays its role by taking
action to re- establish connection so that the replication can continue. A
network administrator can add or remove any of objects from the site.Sites and
servicesprovidevery good network connectivity and because of this servers that
make use of sites publish server objects in Active Directory Domain Service (AD
DS) to take advantage of it. It also helps to ease:
v
Authentication:
With sites, there is a faster and more efficient authentication. Whenever a
user logs on to a domain, it sends a request to a domain controller in its own
local (nearest) site for authentication. This helps reduce traffic on the
network.
v
Replication:By
replicating information between and within sites whenever data is updated, AD
DS limits bandwidth consumption.
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